The Chinese civilization also contributed instrumentally towards the development of early geography. New lands were explored and the world’s first grid-based mapping system was developed. Islamic geographers were credited with groundbreaking discoveries. The Islamic Golden Age witnessed astounding advancements in the geographical sciences. Through the passage of time, the rich legacy of geography made a momentous journey to the bright Islamic minds. The term geography was coined by the ancient Greeks who not only created detailed maps and accounts of places around them but also illuminated why and how human and natural patterns varied from one place to another on Earth. Geographers usually focus on two major fields of geographical studies: physical geography or human geography. Although map-makers were known as geographers in the ancient world, today, they are more specifically known as cartographers. These people engage themselves in the exciting task of exploring and studying the Earth’s natural environment and human society. Scholars who study geography are known as geographers. The subject also encompasses the study of patterns of human population distribution, land use, resource availability, and industries.” “Geography is the study of the Earth’s physical features and environment including the impact of human activity on these factors and vice versa. Here is a general definition of geography: Geography has been elucidated by various sources time and again. The word geography literally means “earth writing”.

Generally the inverse of a sphere is a sphere.A captivating subject, geography is a scientific field that is devoted to the study of the Earth’s landforms, oceans, environment and ecosystems, as well as the interactions between the human society and their environment.

The inverse of a sphere through the centre of inversion is a plane.

Generally, the inverse of a plane is a sphere through the centre of inversion.

A plane through the centre of inversion is self-inverse.

Generally the inverse of a circle is a circle.

The inverse of a circle through the centre of inversion is a line.

Generally, the inverse of a line is a circle through the centre of inversion.A line through the centre of inversion is self-inverse.(The only exception is when the centre of the reference sphere lies on the circle. Note 7: Generally the inverse of a circle is a circle. If O lis on the line AB, the cone of projection is right circular,Īnd If c lies on sphere Σ, then every point of c is self-inverse.The intersection of the spheres Λ', Ω' is a circle c', say, the inverse of c.Every point of the inverse of c lies on both Λ' and Ω'.Let a spheres, Λ', Ω', be the inverses of Λ, Ω (see Note 6).Let Λ, Ω, be two spheres through c, with centres A, B, neither through O.Let A, B be two points on a line through C, perpendicular to ψ.in the general case, where O is not on ψ,the plane of c.This defines a homeomorphism from R n ∖, in a plane through O, S, T, so arguments that applied to inverse of a sphere also apply to the inverse of circle c, with similar results to all those of Section 6.

Given such a representation of a point, its image under spherical inversion is defined to be the point r −1 v. Then every point can be written in the form r v, where r is the distance from the point to the origin and v is a unit vector moreover, for every point apart from the origin this representation is unique. Choose a system of affine coordinates so that the centre of the sphere is at the origin and the radius of the sphere is 1. Inversion in a sphere is most easily described using polar coordinates.

Vice versa definition